A Brief Analysis of the Types of Batteries
发布时间：2024-11-28 21:34:11 点击： 次
A Brief Analysis of the Types of Batteries
Lead acid batteries have a history of over 100 years and are widely used as a starting power source for internal combustion engine vehicles. It is also a mature electric vehicle battery, with good reliability, easy availability of raw materials, and low price; The specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major drawbacks; One is that it has low energy density, occupies too much mass and volume, and has a short driving range on a single charge; Another issue is the short lifespan and high cost of use.
Nickel hydrogen battery
Nickel hydrogen batteries belong to alkaline batteries, which have a longer cycle life and no memory effect, but are relatively expensive. Although its initial purchase cost is high, its long-term actual usage cost is not high due to its advantages in energy and service life. At present, the main foreign company producing nickel hydrogen batteries for electric vehicles is a joint venture between Ovonie, Toyota, and Panasonic. Ovonie currently has two types of unit cells, 80A · h and 130A · h, with a specific energy of 75-80W · h/kg and a cycle life of over 600 times. This type of battery has been tested on several electric vehicles, one of which can travel 345km on a single charge, and one car has traveled over 80000 kilometers in a year. Due to the high price, there is currently no large-scale production. Domestically, 55A · h and 100A · h unit batteries have been developed, with a specific energy of 65 W · h/kg and a power density greater than 800W/kg for nickel hydrogen batteries.
Lithium ion battery
Lithium ion secondary batteries, as a new type of rechargeable battery with high voltage and energy density, have unique physical and electrochemical properties, and have broad prospects for civilian and defense applications. Its prominent features are: light weight, large energy storage, no pollution, no memory effect, and long service life. Under the same volume and weight, the storage capacity of lithium batteries is 1.6 times that of nickel hydrogen batteries and 4 times that of nickel cadmium batteries. Currently, humans have only developed and utilized 20% to 30% of their theoretical capacity, indicating a very promising development prospect. At the same time, it is a truly green and environmentally friendly battery that does not cause pollution to the environment and is currently the best battery that can be applied to electric vehicles. China has been developing and utilizing lithium-ion batteries since the 1990s, and has made breakthrough progress by developing lithium-ion batteries with fully independent intellectual property rights.
Nickel cadmium battery
The application of nickel cadmium batteries is second only to lead-acid batteries, with a specific energy of 55W • h/kg and a specific power of over 190W/kg. It can be quickly charged and has a longer cycle life, more than twice that of lead-acid batteries, reaching more than 2000 times, but the price is 4-5 times that of lead-acid batteries. Although its initial purchase cost is high, its long-term actual usage cost is not high due to its advantages in energy and service life. The disadvantage is the "memory effect", which can easily lead to a decrease in the available capacity of the battery due to poor charging and discharging. After about ten uses, a complete charge and discharge should be performed once. If there is already a "memory effect", it should be continuously charged and discharged 3-5 times to release the memory. In addition, cadmium is toxic, and attention should be paid to recycling during use to avoid environmental pollution caused by cadmium.
Sodium sulfur battery
The advantages of sodium sulfur batteries are: one is higher energy density. Its theoretical specific energy is 760W • h/kg, but in reality it has exceeded 100W • h/kg, which is 3-4 times that of lead-acid batteries; The other is capable of high current and high-power discharge. Its discharge current density can generally reach 200-300mA/mm2, and it can release three times its inherent energy in an instant; Another advantage is high charging and discharging efficiency. Due to the use of solid electrolytes, there are no self discharge or side reactions like those commonly found in liquid electrolyte secondary batteries, and the charging and discharging current efficiency is almost 100%. The disadvantage of sodium sulfur batteries is that their operating temperature is between 300-350 ℃, so the battery requires a certain amount of heating and insulation during operation. However, high temperature corrosion is severe and the battery life is relatively short. High performance vacuum insulation technology has been adopted, which can effectively solve this problem. There are also issues with poor performance stability and usage safety. In the 1980s and 1990s, foreign countries focused on developing sodium sulfur batteries as a fixed application (such as power station energy storage), and increasingly demonstrated their superiority. Japanese companies have made the most significant progress in this regard. As a widely favored electric vehicle battery in recent times, it has been listed as a mid-term development electric vehicle battery by the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USMBC). The B240K sodium sulfur battery produced by ABB in Germany has a mass of 17.5kg and a storage capacity of 19.2Kw • h; The specific energy reaches 109W • h/kg, with a cycle life of 1200 times. During the loading test, the best vehicle drove 2300km without any faults.
Nickel zinc battery
The new sealed nickel zinc battery has the advantages of high-quality energy, high-quality power, and high current discharge. This advantage enables nickel zinc batteries to meet the energy needs of electric vehicles in terms of charging range, climbing, and acceleration. Nickel zinc batteries are products developed and produced by the National Energy Research Corporation (ERC) in the United States, and Xiamen Battery Factory has collaborated with them to introduce this product. Nickel zinc batteries are highly competitive batteries. Its advantages are that its specific energy reaches over 50Wh/k, and its volumetric energy exceeds that of nickel cadmium batteries but is smaller than that of nickel hydrogen batteries. When discharging with high current, the voltage of the battery will be balanced over a wide range and have a long service life, with a cycle life of ≥ 500 times. Charging time ≤ 3.5h, fast charging ≤ 1h. It is worth mentioning that the self discharge reactance has excellent charge attenuation, with a self discharge capacity of less than 30% of the rated charge at room temperature for one month. At a high temperature of 50 ℃, discharging at C/3 results in a battery charge decay of ≤ 10% of the rated charge, while at -15 ℃, discharging at C/3 is ≤ 30%. Nickel zinc batteries have good compatibility with lead-acid batteries on the outside, and all vehicles currently using lead-acid batteries can be replaced with nickel zinc batteries. From the current price perspective, nickel and zinc are still slightly more expensive, but I believe that once their usage increases, the price will naturally decrease. The compatibility with the contour of lead-acid batteries makes nickel zinc batteries more convenient to replace lead-acid batteries and become an ideal power source for electric vehicles.
Zinc air battery
Zinc air battery, also known as zinc oxygen battery, is a type of metal air battery. The theoretical value of the specific energy of zinc air batteries is 1350W • h/kg, and the current specific energy has reached 230Wh/kg, almost 8 times that of lead-acid batteries. It can be seen that the development space of zinc air batteries is very large. Zinc air batteries can only be mechanically charged by replacing the zinc electrode. The replacement of electrodes can be completed in 3 minutes. Replacing with a new zinc electrode results in a very short "charging" time and is very convenient. The development of such batteries eliminates the need for the construction of social security facilities such as charging stations. Zinc electrodes can be purchased at supermarkets, battery outlets, auto parts stores, etc., which is very beneficial for the popularization of this battery electric vehicle. This type of battery has the advantages of small size, large charge capacity, small mass, normal operation over a wide temperature range, no corrosion, safe and reliable operation, and low cost. The current charge capacity of experimental batteries is only 5 times that of lead-acid batteries, which is not ideal. But the charge capacity five times that of lead-acid batteries has attracted worldwide attention. The United States, Mexico, Singapore, and some European countries have all tested it on postal vehicles, buses, and motorcycles, and it is also a highly promising battery for electric vehicles.
flywheel battery
Flywheel battery is a new concept battery proposed in the 1990s, which breaks through the limitations of chemical batteries and uses physical methods to achieve energy storage. When the flywheel rotates at a certain angular velocity, it has a certain amount of kinetic energy. Flywheel batteries convert their kinetic energy into electrical energy. High tech flywheels are used to store electrical energy, much like standard batteries. There is a motor in the flywheel battery, which operates in the form of an electric motor during charging. Driven by an external power source, the motor drives the flywheel to rotate at high speed, which increases its function by "charging" the flywheel battery with electricity; When discharging, the motor operates in a generator state and outputs electrical energy to the outside under the drive of the flywheel, completing the conversion of mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to electrical energy. When the flywheel battery is powered on, the speed of the flywheel gradually decreases. The flywheel of the flywheel battery operates in a vacuum environment at a very high speed (200000 r/min) and uses non-contact magnetic bearings. It is said that the flywheel battery has a specific energy of up to 150W • h/kg, a specific power of 5000-10000W/kg, a service life of up to 25 years, and can be used for electric vehicles to travel 5 million kilometers.
Lead acid batteries have a history of over 100 years and are widely used as a starting power source for internal combustion engine vehicles. It is also a mature electric vehicle battery, with good reliability, easy availability of raw materials, and low price; The specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major drawbacks; One is that it has low energy density, occupies too much mass and volume, and has a short driving range on a single charge; Another issue is the short lifespan and high cost of use.
Nickel hydrogen battery
Nickel hydrogen batteries belong to alkaline batteries, which have a longer cycle life and no memory effect, but are relatively expensive. Although its initial purchase cost is high, its long-term actual usage cost is not high due to its advantages in energy and service life. At present, the main foreign company producing nickel hydrogen batteries for electric vehicles is a joint venture between Ovonie, Toyota, and Panasonic. Ovonie currently has two types of unit cells, 80A · h and 130A · h, with a specific energy of 75-80W · h/kg and a cycle life of over 600 times. This type of battery has been tested on several electric vehicles, one of which can travel 345km on a single charge, and one car has traveled over 80000 kilometers in a year. Due to the high price, there is currently no large-scale production. Domestically, 55A · h and 100A · h unit batteries have been developed, with a specific energy of 65 W · h/kg and a power density greater than 800W/kg for nickel hydrogen batteries.
Lithium ion battery
Lithium ion secondary batteries, as a new type of rechargeable battery with high voltage and energy density, have unique physical and electrochemical properties, and have broad prospects for civilian and defense applications. Its prominent features are: light weight, large energy storage, no pollution, no memory effect, and long service life. Under the same volume and weight, the storage capacity of lithium batteries is 1.6 times that of nickel hydrogen batteries and 4 times that of nickel cadmium batteries. Currently, humans have only developed and utilized 20% to 30% of their theoretical capacity, indicating a very promising development prospect. At the same time, it is a truly green and environmentally friendly battery that does not cause pollution to the environment and is currently the best battery that can be applied to electric vehicles. China has been developing and utilizing lithium-ion batteries since the 1990s, and has made breakthrough progress by developing lithium-ion batteries with fully independent intellectual property rights.
Nickel cadmium battery
The application of nickel cadmium batteries is second only to lead-acid batteries, with a specific energy of 55W • h/kg and a specific power of over 190W/kg. It can be quickly charged and has a longer cycle life, more than twice that of lead-acid batteries, reaching more than 2000 times, but the price is 4-5 times that of lead-acid batteries. Although its initial purchase cost is high, its long-term actual usage cost is not high due to its advantages in energy and service life. The disadvantage is the "memory effect", which can easily lead to a decrease in the available capacity of the battery due to poor charging and discharging. After about ten uses, a complete charge and discharge should be performed once. If there is already a "memory effect", it should be continuously charged and discharged 3-5 times to release the memory. In addition, cadmium is toxic, and attention should be paid to recycling during use to avoid environmental pollution caused by cadmium.
Sodium sulfur battery
The advantages of sodium sulfur batteries are: one is higher energy density. Its theoretical specific energy is 760W • h/kg, but in reality it has exceeded 100W • h/kg, which is 3-4 times that of lead-acid batteries; The other is capable of high current and high-power discharge. Its discharge current density can generally reach 200-300mA/mm2, and it can release three times its inherent energy in an instant; Another advantage is high charging and discharging efficiency. Due to the use of solid electrolytes, there are no self discharge or side reactions like those commonly found in liquid electrolyte secondary batteries, and the charging and discharging current efficiency is almost 100%. The disadvantage of sodium sulfur batteries is that their operating temperature is between 300-350 ℃, so the battery requires a certain amount of heating and insulation during operation. However, high temperature corrosion is severe and the battery life is relatively short. High performance vacuum insulation technology has been adopted, which can effectively solve this problem. There are also issues with poor performance stability and usage safety. In the 1980s and 1990s, foreign countries focused on developing sodium sulfur batteries as a fixed application (such as power station energy storage), and increasingly demonstrated their superiority. Japanese companies have made the most significant progress in this regard. As a widely favored electric vehicle battery in recent times, it has been listed as a mid-term development electric vehicle battery by the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USMBC). The B240K sodium sulfur battery produced by ABB in Germany has a mass of 17.5kg and a storage capacity of 19.2Kw • h; The specific energy reaches 109W • h/kg, with a cycle life of 1200 times. During the loading test, the best vehicle drove 2300km without any faults.
Nickel zinc battery
The new sealed nickel zinc battery has the advantages of high-quality energy, high-quality power, and high current discharge. This advantage enables nickel zinc batteries to meet the energy needs of electric vehicles in terms of charging range, climbing, and acceleration. Nickel zinc batteries are products developed and produced by the National Energy Research Corporation (ERC) in the United States, and Xiamen Battery Factory has collaborated with them to introduce this product. Nickel zinc batteries are highly competitive batteries. Its advantages are that its specific energy reaches over 50Wh/k, and its volumetric energy exceeds that of nickel cadmium batteries but is smaller than that of nickel hydrogen batteries. When discharging with high current, the voltage of the battery will be balanced over a wide range and have a long service life, with a cycle life of ≥ 500 times. Charging time ≤ 3.5h, fast charging ≤ 1h. It is worth mentioning that the self discharge reactance has excellent charge attenuation, with a self discharge capacity of less than 30% of the rated charge at room temperature for one month. At a high temperature of 50 ℃, discharging at C/3 results in a battery charge decay of ≤ 10% of the rated charge, while at -15 ℃, discharging at C/3 is ≤ 30%. Nickel zinc batteries have good compatibility with lead-acid batteries on the outside, and all vehicles currently using lead-acid batteries can be replaced with nickel zinc batteries. From the current price perspective, nickel and zinc are still slightly more expensive, but I believe that once their usage increases, the price will naturally decrease. The compatibility with the contour of lead-acid batteries makes nickel zinc batteries more convenient to replace lead-acid batteries and become an ideal power source for electric vehicles.
Zinc air battery
Zinc air battery, also known as zinc oxygen battery, is a type of metal air battery. The theoretical value of the specific energy of zinc air batteries is 1350W • h/kg, and the current specific energy has reached 230Wh/kg, almost 8 times that of lead-acid batteries. It can be seen that the development space of zinc air batteries is very large. Zinc air batteries can only be mechanically charged by replacing the zinc electrode. The replacement of electrodes can be completed in 3 minutes. Replacing with a new zinc electrode results in a very short "charging" time and is very convenient. The development of such batteries eliminates the need for the construction of social security facilities such as charging stations. Zinc electrodes can be purchased at supermarkets, battery outlets, auto parts stores, etc., which is very beneficial for the popularization of this battery electric vehicle. This type of battery has the advantages of small size, large charge capacity, small mass, normal operation over a wide temperature range, no corrosion, safe and reliable operation, and low cost. The current charge capacity of experimental batteries is only 5 times that of lead-acid batteries, which is not ideal. But the charge capacity five times that of lead-acid batteries has attracted worldwide attention. The United States, Mexico, Singapore, and some European countries have all tested it on postal vehicles, buses, and motorcycles, and it is also a highly promising battery for electric vehicles.
flywheel battery
Flywheel battery is a new concept battery proposed in the 1990s, which breaks through the limitations of chemical batteries and uses physical methods to achieve energy storage. When the flywheel rotates at a certain angular velocity, it has a certain amount of kinetic energy. Flywheel batteries convert their kinetic energy into electrical energy. High tech flywheels are used to store electrical energy, much like standard batteries. There is a motor in the flywheel battery, which operates in the form of an electric motor during charging. Driven by an external power source, the motor drives the flywheel to rotate at high speed, which increases its function by "charging" the flywheel battery with electricity; When discharging, the motor operates in a generator state and outputs electrical energy to the outside under the drive of the flywheel, completing the conversion of mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to electrical energy. When the flywheel battery is powered on, the speed of the flywheel gradually decreases. The flywheel of the flywheel battery operates in a vacuum environment at a very high speed (200000 r/min) and uses non-contact magnetic bearings. It is said that the flywheel battery has a specific energy of up to 150W • h/kg, a specific power of 5000-10000W/kg, a service life of up to 25 years, and can be used for electric vehicles to travel 5 million kilometers.